Ururimi rwitwa Kusunda muri Nepal nta nkomoko izwi yarwo kandi rufite ibindi byinshi bitangaje, nta magambo nka “oya” cyangwa “yego” rufite. Hasigaye kandi umuntu umwe gusa uruvuga neza.
Mu misozi y’agace ka Terai muri Nepal, Hima Kusunda w’imyaka 18 aturutse ku ishuri yigaho anabayo, yambaye umupira wo kwifubika w’iroza.
Hima ni umwe mu bantu bacye b’aba-Kusunda basigaye, ubwoko nyamucye mu basangwabutaka muri Nepal.
Ururimi rwabo narwo rwitwa Kusunda, rurihariye; abahanga mu ndimi bacyeka ko nta rurimi rusa narwo ku isi. Abashakashatsi n’ubu ntabwo bazi inkomoko yarwo. Kandi rufite urunyurane rw’ibintu bidasanzwe, harimo kutagira amagambo yemeza n’ahakana, cyangwa ijambo na rimwe ry’amerekezo.
Ibarura riheruka muri Nepal mu 2011, rivuga ko aba-Kusunda 273 ari bo bari basigaye. Ariko umugore umwe w’imyaka 48, Kamala Kharti, niwe gusa uzwi uvuga neza urwo rurimi.
Aba-Kusunda basigajwe inyuma kandi barakennye cyane muri sosiyete ya Napal.
Uyu munsi, benshi mu basigaye baba mu karere ka Dang ka Nepal, akarere k’imisozi, aha niho Komisiyo y’indimi ya Nepal yigishiriza ururimi rwa Kusunda kuva mu 2019 mu muhate wo kurubungabunga.
Mu myaka 10 ishize, mu gihe letaya Nepal yatangiraga gufasha amoko y’abasangwabutaka, yatangiye no kwishyurira amashuri Hima n’abandi bana b’aba-Kusunda no kwiga baba ku ishuri ryisumbuye rya Mahindra mu karere ka Dang – aho bigishwa ururimi rwabo.
Hima avuka mu cyaro cya Pyuthan, akarere kegeranye na Dang, amaze imyaka ibiri yiga Kusunda. Ubu abasha kuvuga uru rurimi byo ku rwego rw’ibanze.
Ati: “Mbere yo kuza ku ishuri muri Dang, nta kintu nari nzi mu rurimi rwa Kusunda, ariko ubu ntewe ishema no kumenya Kusunda, nubwo ntarwize nkivuka.”
Hima avuga ko yakundaga kumva andi moko baturanye avuga indimi zayo akibaza icyo byaba bisobanura mu rurimi gakondo rwe, ariko ataruzi.
Ati: “Nibaza ko ari ingenzi cyane kuri njye no ku bandi kurengera uru rurimi.”
Ururimi rugeramiwe no kuzimira
Kuva cyera, aba-Kusunda babagaho basembera mu mashyamba yo mu burengerazuba bwa Nepal kugeza hagati mu kinyeshaka cya 20.
Bari batunzwe no guhiga inyoni, ibyugu, bakajya kugurisha inyama n’ibikoro mu mijyi ibegereye kugira ngo babone umuceri n’ifu.
Abatuye Nepal bariyongereye, ubuhinzi buraguka amashyamba arototerwa, bishyira igitutu ku buturo bw’aba-Kusunda. Nuko mu myaka ya 1950, leta ifata ingamba zo kurengera amashyamba maze bayabakuramo.
Aba-Kusunda bahatiwe guturana n’abandi ku mihana, bagahinga bakorora nk’abandi.
Nubwo ubu batuye mu mihana irimo n’andi moko bo baracyiyita ‘Ban rajas’, bivuze abami b’ishyamba.
Umubare wabo wari muto watumye biba ngombwa ko bashakana n’andi moko basanze. Bituma ururimi rwabo habura gato ngo ruzimire.
Kuri bo, kubura ururimi rwabo bisobanuye kubura ihuriro n’amateka yabo no gutakaza abo ari bo.
Mu mboni y’ubuhanga mu ndimi, ni igihombo no mu bundi buryo.
Madhav Pokharel, ‘emeritus professor’ mu ndimi muri kaminuza ya Tribhuvan yo mu murwa mukuru wa Nepal, Kathmandu, yize ubushyinguranyandiko bw’ururimi rwa Kusunda mu myaka 15 ishize.
Asobanura ko inyigo nyinshi zagerageje kuruhuza n’izindi ndimi bijya gusa nka Burushaski rwo muri Pakistan na Nihali rwo mu Buhinde, ariko bakabura umwanzuro ufatika.
Ubu, abashakashatsi mu ndimi bavuga ko Kusunda ari ururimi rwarokotse ku ndimi gakondo za cyera cyane zavugwaga n’abantu bo karere ko munsi y’imisozi ya Himalaya mbere y’uko amoko y’aba Tibetan-Burman na Indo-Aryan ahagera.
Professor Madhav ati: “Dushobora gucukumbura tukabona inkomoko y’izindi ndimi zose z’amoko yo muri Nepal ku bantu bavuye hanze ya Nepal, Kasunda yonyine niyo tutazi inkomo yayo.
Mu gihe bahoze ari abakunda kwimuka ahantu n’ahandi, ubu aba-Kusunda bacye basigaye benshi muri bo baba mu karere ka Dhang mu burengerazuba bwa Nepal
Iruhande rw’inkomo yarwo y’amayobera, abahanga mu ndimi banabonye ibindi bintu byihariye ku rurimi Kusunda.
Bhojraj Gautam, umunyendimi wibanze cyane kuri Kusunda, avugamo kimwe mu byihariye cyane ari uko: nta buryo rufite bwo guhakana. Mu by’ukuri uru rurimi rufite amagambo macye cyane arimo ibintu bihakana.
Urugero iyo ushaka kuvuga ngo “sinshaka icyacyi” ushobora gukoresha ijambo kunywa ariko mu buryo buhinduye bwerekana amarangumutima asobanura ko amahirwe yo kunywa icyayi ari ku rugero rwo hasi.
Kusunda kandi nta magambo ifite asobanura byimazeyo amerekezo, nk’iburyo cyangwa ibumoso, ahubwo uvuga akoresha amagambo nka “kuri uru ruhande” na “kuri ruriya ruhande”
Hagati aho, abahanga mu ndimi bavuga ko Kusunda nta mategeko y’ikibonezamvugo igira cyangwa imiterere y’ururimi iboneka mu zindi zo ku isi.
Ni ururimi rworoshya imvugo, kandi intururo zigize amagambo yarwo zigasobanurwa n’uvuga gusa.
Urugero, ibikorwa ntabwo bigabanyije mu nzagihe, indagihe cyangwa impitagihe.
Iyo uvuga Kusunda agize ati: “Nabonye [cyera] inyoni” ugereranyije na “Nzabona inyoni”, agaragaza ko ari cyera ari uko gusa asobanuye uko byamugendekeye. Naho inzagihe yo ikomeza kuba rusange idafite ikintu ihuzwa nayo.
Kamala Khatri, umuntu wenyine usigaye ubasha kuvuga neza Kusunda, aba mu gace ka Ghorani. Ntiyigeze yigisha abana be uru rurimi, nk’uko abivuga.
Ati: “Nibajije ko bagoma kwiga iki-Nepal kuko aricyo cy’ingenzi. Abantu basekaga ururimi rwacu, bakavuga ko rudasanzwe. Abavuga Kusunda bahuye no kunenwa gukabije. Ariko ubu ndicuza ko ntabasha kuvugana n’abana banjye mu rurimi rwacu.”
Kamala ubu arimo gukorana na Komisiyo y’indimi mu kwigisha Kusunda abantu 10 bo muri aka gace.
Ati: “Nitubasha gusubiramo buri gihe, tukaruvuga, tukaririmba indirimbo zacu, nibwo tuzabasha gusigasira ururimi rwacu.”
Professor Madhav Pokharel we avuga ko bishobotse aba-Kusunda basigaye bashyirwa hamwe bakabana, bakajya baganira, bakibukirana amateka yabo bigafasha mu gusubiranya amateka n’ururimi byabo.
Ikoranabuhanga naryo ririmo gukoreshwa mu kugerageza kuzahura uru rurimi n’amateka yarwo.
NowHere Media, radio ikorera i Berlin mu Budage, imaze igihe ikorana n’aba-Kusunda mu kubafasha kwandika inyandiko z’ururimi wabo, umuco n’imigenzo.
NowHere yakoze ‘documentary’ mu mashusho asa n’ukuri ya ‘3D animation’ agerageza kwerekana imibereho yo guhiga y’aba-Kusunda ba cyera.
Abayikoze bavuga ko abayireba batwarwa no kwinjira muri ubwo buzima kandi bakagomba kwiga kuvuga amagambo amwe y’iki-Kusunda kugira ngo babashe kumva no gukomeza kuryoherwa n’inkuru.
Intego yabo ni uko abantu b’imbere ahazaza bazabona ibintu bibitse mu buryo bwa ‘digital’ ku mateka n’ururimi rwa Kusunda.
Izindi mpirimbanyi ariko zo zihangayikishijwe n’umuhate ushyirwa mu bushakashatsi ku rurimi rwa Kusunda mu gihe benshi mu ba Kasunda bacye basigaye babayeho mu bukene bukabije.
Bahadur Lopchan, umunyamabanga wa Komisiyo y’indimi ya Nepal ati: “Kuri bo gusigasira ururimi ni ikintu cy’amarangamutima gusa. Ntacyo bibazanira gifatika cy’inyungu.”
Ku bandi, “Niba aba-Kusunda nta rurimi bafite, ntakizabatandukanya n’andi moko yasigajwe inyuma muri Nepal. Ururimi rubaha umwihariko n’ikibaranga, bigatuma leta ibitaho”, nk’uko Lopchan abivuga.
Ku muhate w’abashakashatsi, ubu barimo gushaka ubutaka bwihariye aho aba-Kusunda bose basigaye batuzwa.
Aba bashakashatsi bavuga ko bitabaha gusa uburenganzira ku butaka, imibereho myiza n’uburezi, ahubwo byanongera kubahuza bakiga kandi bakagarura ururimi rwabo.
Hari ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko kuzahura indimi gakondo z’abasangwabutaka bifitanye isano no kumererwa neza kwabo mu mutwe no mu mibereho.
Bwerekanye ko gukoresha indimi gakondo muri Amerika ya ruguru byafashije kugabanya kunywa itabi muri rubanda, bikongera imitekerereze myiza kandi bikagabanya indwara nka diabetes.
Hagati aho, ubushakashatsi bwa Britishi Columbia muri Canada, bwerekanye ko kwiyahura mu rubyiruko ari inshuro esheshatu mu moko y’abasangwabutaka aho munsi ya 50% by’abayagize ari bo bavuga indimi gakondo zabo.
Julia Sallabank, umwalimu w’indimi no kuzizahura muri Kaminuza ya Londres ati: “Guhindura ururimi akenshi bifatwa nk’icyago mu mateka kiva ku bukoroni cyangwa gutsikamirwa no kwitakariza agaciro.
“Bityo, ibyo twabihindura mu gusubiza umuntu ururimi n’umuco bye bikamutera imbaraga, yaba we ubwe cyangwa sosiyete ye.”
Tugarutse i Dang, umwe mu ba Kusunda wiyumva gutyo ni Hima w’imyaka 18.
Ati: “Ndumva nshobora guteza imbere uru rurimi. Buri gihe dushoboye kuvuga Kusunda nibwo rwakomeza kubaho. Ni ugukunda ururimi rwacu, niryo shema ryacu nibo turi bo.”
Hima Kusunda avuga ko azi icyo azaba cyo ahazaza; umwalimu w’indimi wigisha igi-Kusunda.
